aramaic google translateamir and baba relationship in america

It has a more open counterpart, the "long" o, like the vowel in "show" ([o]). Syriac language: dictionary, grammar, literature. It is also been called "Melkite Aramaic" and "Palestinian Syriac". Old Judean was the prominent dialect of Jerusalem and Judaea. Left-click the Google Translate Extension icon and click the TRANSLATE THIS PAGE link. Babylonian Targumic is the later post-Achaemenid dialect found in the Targum Onqelos and Targum Jonathan, the "official" targums. This was perhaps because many of the documents in BDA are legal documents, the language in them had to be sensible throughout the Jewish community from the start, and Hasmonaean was the old standard. Tt malkuthach: Your Heavenly Domain approaches. Not all verbs use all of these conjugations, and, in some, the G-stem is not used. Most notable among them is Classical Syriac, the liturgical language of Syriac Christianity. It was most closely related to Hebrew, Syriac, and Phoenician and was written in a script derived from the Phoenician alphabet. As such, the term covers over thirteen centuries of the development of Aramaic. [37] They have retained use of the once dominant lingua franca despite subsequent language shifts experienced throughout the Middle East. English to Vietnamese. The Greek of the New Testament preserves some semiticisms, including transliterations of Semitic words. Aramaic nouns and adjectives can exist in one of three states. Type, Translate, Search, Send emails, tweet, and share with your friends in facebook with this online onscreen virtual keyboard emulator, in all languages. * Keystrokes of the Estrangelo Font character set. The feminine absolute singular is often marked by the ending - -. Nouns can be either singular or plural, but an additional "dual" number exists for nouns that usually come in pairs. The extensive commentary, appearing at the bottom of each page, clarifies the kabbalistic symbolism and terminology, and cites sources and parallels from biblical, rabbinic, and . Aramaic Peshitta New Testament Translation is a new translation of the New Testament into English that is based on the Gwilliam text. Die Griechen nannten das Volk "Syrer"". google turjum afsoomaali oo af soomaali ah. [99][100][101], The fall of the Achaemenid Empire (c. 334330 BC), and its replacement with the newly created political order, imposed by Alexander the Great (d. 323 BC) and his Hellenistic successors, marked an important turning point in the history of Aramaic language. This article is about the sub-group of the Semitic languages native to Mesopotamia and the Levant. We make every effort to ensure that each expression has definitions or information about the inflection. It is the dialect of Babylonian private documents, and, from the 12th century, all Jewish private documents are in Aramaic. The dual number gradually disappeared from Aramaic over time and has little influence in Middle and Modern Aramaic. [98] That label remained common in early Aramaic studies, and persisted up into the nineteenth century. It was also the language of Jesus and the mother of classic Arab and modern Hebrew. Regarding the earliest forms, Beyer suggests that written Aramaic probably dates from the 11th century BCE,[82] as it is established by the 10th century, to which he dates the oldest inscriptions of northern Syria. / galilean aramaic translator. [52] This connection between the names Syrian and Aramaic was made in 1835 by tienne Marc Quatremre. (Ashshuwr) Asshur", "Aramaic Israelis seek to revive endangered language of Jesus", "Panammuwa and Bar-Rakib: Two Structural Analyses", "What are the Persepolis Fortification Tablets? It was written in a rounded script, which later gave way to cursive Estrangela. Some modern Aramaic pronunciations lack the series of "emphatic" consonants, and some have borrowed from the inventories of surrounding languages, particularly Arabic, Azerbaijani, Kurdish, Persian and Turkish. The first inscriptions, called Old Assyrian (OA), were made in the Old Assyrian period. [6][7][8][9][10], Aramaic belongs to the Northwest group of the Semitic language family, which also includes the Canaanite languages such as Hebrew, Edomite, Moabite, and Phoenician, as well as Amorite and Ugaritic. Missionary activity led to the spread of Syriac from Mesopotamia and Persia, into Central Asia, India and China. Under the early 3rd-century BC Parthians Arsacids, whose government used Greek but whose native language was Parthian, the Parthian language and its Aramaic-derived writing system both gained prestige. It is still spoken in the area of Maaloula, on Syria's side of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, as well as by people who migrated from these villages to Damascus and other larger towns of Syria. [43] Kopp noted that some of the words on the Carpentras Stele corresponded to the Aramaic in the Book of Daniel, and in the Book of Ruth. Babylonian Documentary Aramaic is a dialect in use from the 3rd century AD onwards. The descendants of Imperial Aramaic ceased to be living languages, and the eastern and western regional languages began to develop vital new literatures. Type c for sh. This is the dialect of the oldest manuscript of the Book of Enoch (c. 170 BC). The root generally consists of two or three consonants and has a basic meaning, for example, k-t-b has the meaning of 'writing'. Compare the Mormon Temple rite of "robing" performed in "Work for the dead". In the Neo-Assyrian period the Aramaic language became increasingly common . Moreover, many common words, including even pronouns, particles, numerals, and auxiliaries, continued to written as Aramaic "words" even when writing Middle Iranian languages. The most important epigraphic sources for the dialect are the hundreds of incantation bowls written in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. "The ancient people of Assyria spoke an Assyrian dialect of the Akkadian language, a branch of the Semitic languages. Use Translate.com to cover it all. Therefore, there is not one singular, static Aramaic language; each time and place rather has had its own variation. The perfect is unmarked, while the imperfect uses various preformatives that vary according to person, number and gender. noun . While each of these texts were scribed 300 to 400 years after the events of the New . Jesus, in his everyday speech, would have used Aramaic, so perhaps this might be a second language for demons. The Aramaic Bible is an impressive series that provides English translations of all the Targums, along with extensive introductions and notes. Aramaic also continues to be spoken by the Assyrians of Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey and northwest Iran, with diaspora communities in Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan and southern Russia. Palmyrene Aramaic is the dialect that was in use in the Syriac city state of Palmyra in the Syrian Desert from 44 BC to 274 AD. The open vowel is an open near-front unrounded vowel ("short" a, somewhat like the first vowel in the English "batter", [a]). In ancient Greek, Aramaic language was most commonly known as the "Syrian language",[53] in relation to the native (non-Greek) inhabitants of the historical region of Syria. Aramaic rose to prominence under the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911605 BC), under whose influence Aramaic became a prestige language after being adopted as a lingua franca of the empire by Assyrian kings, and its use spread throughout Mesopotamia, the Levant and parts of Asia Minor, Arabian Peninsula and Ancient Iran. Several modern varieties, namely the Neo-Aramaic languages, are still spoken. To request permission to use or license Cambridge dictionary data, please complete our query form. We make every effort to ensure that each expression has definitions or information about the inflection. The place of origin of Middle Aramaic seems to have been Palestine (according to Dalman, Noeldeke, and . Just let the students type anything in English and it will translate to Aramaic. The Mandaeans also continue to use Mandaic Aramaic as a liturgical language, although most now speak Arabic as their first language. Some of these letters, though, can stand for two or three different sounds (usually a stop and a fricative at the same point of articulation). [11][12] Aramaic languages are written in the Aramaic alphabet, a descendant of the Phoenician alphabet, and the most prominent alphabet variant is the Syriac alphabet. "The last of the Aramaic speakers", Miriam Shaviv, 14 July 2013, Last edited on 25 February 2023, at 20:22, ancient inscription ever identified as "Aramaic", Learn how and when to remove this template message, IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters, List of Aramaic-language television channels, "Syriac Heritage of the Saint Thomas Christians: Language and Liturgical Tradition Saint Thomas Christians origins, language and liturgy", "A History of Northwest Semitic Epigraphy", "Strong's Hebrew: 804. Achaemenid Aramaic is sufficiently uniform that it is often difficult to know where any particular example of the language was written. During that century, the nature of the various Aramaic languages and dialects began to change. [69] However, Aramaic remains a spoken, literary, and liturgical language for local Christians and also some Jews. Arabic Translation. However, some Jewish Aramaic texts employ the letter he for the feminine absolute singular. The Aramaic languages are now considered endangered, since several varieties are used mainly by the older generations. To type directly with the computer keyboard: Use the capitals: H T S for . Aramaic Peshitta New Testament Translation, Janet M. Magiera Light of the Word Ministry 2006 a new translation of the New Testament into English that is based on the UBS 1905 Syriac New Testament based on George Gwilliam 's 1901 text. In time, Aramaic developed its distinctive "square" style. Native (endonymic) terms for Aramaic language were derived from the same word root as the name of its original speakers, the ancient Arameans. Periodization of Klaus Beyer (19292014):[7], Periodization of Joseph Fitzmyer (19202016):[78]. This is then modified by the addition of vowels and other consonants to create different nuances of the basic meaning: Aramaic nouns and adjectives are inflected to show gender, number and state. Beginning with the rise of the Rashidun Caliphate in the late 7th century, Arabic gradually replaced Aramaic as the lingua franca of the Near East. The Aramaic verb has gradually evolved in time and place, varying between varieties of the language. [clarification needed], The Samaritan Aramaic is earliest attested by the documentary tradition of the Samaritans that can be dated back to the fourth century. The Aramaic Text used to translate here at TheAramaicScriptures.com, is from Eastern Aramaic Manuscripts, such as The Khabouris Manuscript, pictured above, it being a handwritten Eastern Aramaic New Testament, said to have been scribed in the ancient city of Nineveh, and which is thought to have taken place sometime between 800 to 1000 A.D. and Aramaic the word passes from meaning 'lamb' to being a term of endearment for a 'child.' Aramaic classically uses a series of lightly contrasted plosives and fricatives: Each member of a certain pair is written with the same letter of the alphabet in most writing systems (that is, p and f are written with the same letter), and are near allophones. Aramaic language, Semitic language of the Northern Central, or Northwestern, group that was originally spoken by the ancient Middle Eastern people known as Aramaeans. The set has a . [1] Translated literally, this is a blessing that means "peace be upon you." Fancy Text Generator. Post-Achaemenid Aramaic, that bears a relatively close resemblance to that of the Achaemenid period, continued to be used up to the 2nd century BCE.[102]. [28] This policy was continued by the short-lived Neo-Babylonian Empire and Medes, and all three empires became operationally bilingual in written sources, with Aramaic used alongside Akkadian. Perhaps under influence from other languages, Middle Aramaic developed a system of composite tenses (combinations of forms of the verb with pronouns or an auxiliary verb), allowing for narrative that is more vivid. backspace. It is most commonly identified with the language of the Babylonian Talmud (which was completed in the seventh century) and of post-Talmudic Geonic literature, which are the most important cultural products of Babylonian Judaism. However, as most of those cases were expressed by short final vowels, they were never written, and the few characteristic long vowels of the masculine plural accusative and genitive are not clearly evidenced in inscriptions. The connection between Chaldean, Syriac, and Samaritan as "Aramaic" was first identified in 1679 by German theologian Johann Wilhelm Hilliger. [33], The dialects of Old Western Aramaic continued with Jewish Middle Palestinian (in Hebrew "square script"), Samaritan Aramaic (in the old Hebrew script) and Christian Palestinian (in cursive Syriac script). The Persian Sassanids, who succeeded the Parthian Arsacids in the mid-3rd century AD, subsequently inherited/adopted the Parthian-mediated Aramaic-derived writing system for their own Middle Iranian ethnolect as well. A highly modified form of the Aramaic alphabet, the Mandaic alphabet, is used by the Mandaeans.[34]. [34] There are still also a small number of first-language speakers of Western Aramaic varieties in isolated villages in western Syria. [64][65] However, is consistently used in Koine Greek at this time to mean Hebrew and (Syristi) is used to mean Aramaic. Overlapping terminology, used in different periodizations, led to the creation of several polysemic terms, that are used differently among scholars. Since the time of Jerome of Stridon (d. 420), Aramaic of the Hebrew Bible was misnamed as "Chaldean" (Chaldaic, Chaldee). There are shorter, and thus more open, counterparts to each of these, with the short close o sometimes corresponding with the long open a. [74] Some Aramaic languages differ more from each other than the Romance languages do among themselves. Aramaic classically has a set of four sibilants (ancient Aramaic may have had six): In addition to these sets, Aramaic has the nasal consonants m and n, and the approximants r (usually an alveolar trill), l, y and w. Six broad features of sound change can be seen as dialect differentials: As with other Semitic languages, Aramaic morphology (the way words are formed) is based on the consonantal root. [2][3][4][5] Aramaic served as a language of public life and administration of ancient kingdoms and empires, and also as a language of divine worship and religious study. This in turn also led to the adoption of the name 'pahlavi' (< parthawi, "of the Parthians") for that writing system. The written form of Mandaic, the language of the Mandaean religion, was descended from the Arsacid chancery script.[105]. The ancient Israelites and other peoples of Canaan adopted this alphabet for writing their own languages. Nldeke, 1871, p. 115: "Die Griechen haben den Namen "Aramer" nie eigentlich gekannt; ausser Posidonius (dem Strabo folgt) nennt ihn uns nur noch ein andrer Orientale, Josephus (Ant. In Syriac and some other variants this ending is diphthongized to -ai. Since the scriptor of the Greek gospel may not have been fluent in Aramaic, or used to transliterate Aramaic with Greek characters, it may be expected that the transliterations are approximates, hence a possible : eloi/alohi confusion. The apel is the least common variant of the C-stem. [66] In Biblical scholarship, the term "Chaldean" was for many years used as a synonym of Aramaic, due to its use in the book of Daniel and subsequent interpretation by Jerome. Endonymic forms were also adopted in some other languages, like ancient Hebrew. The alphabet of Aramaic at this early period seems to be based on the Phoenician alphabet, and there is a unity in the written language. In the Kingdom of Osroene, founded in 132 BCE and centred in Edessa (Urhay), the regional dialect became the official language: Edessan Aramaic (Urhaya), that later came to be known as Classical Syriac. The oldest and most complete Aramaic manuscript is British Library, Add. Mandaeans number some 50,00075,000 people, but it is believed Neo-Mandaic may now be spoken fluently by as few as 5000 people, with other Mandaeans having varying degrees of knowledge. The term "Old Aramaic" is used to describe the varieties of the language from its first known use, until the point roughly marked by the rise of the Sasanian Empire (224 AD), dominating the influential, eastern dialect region. Overlapping with the set of emphatics are the "guttural" consonants. Finally, as far north as Aleppo, the western dialect of Orontes Aramaic was spoken. Some variants of Aramaic are also retained as sacred languages by certain religious communities. It will not detect or attempt translate amharic because it doesn't know how. , . In the region of Damascus and the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, Damascene Aramaic was spoken (deduced mostly from Modern Western Aramaic). English Aramaic Dictionary database will be downloaded when the application is run first time. ctrl . Following the conquest of the Sassanids by the Arabs in the 7th-century, the Aramaic-derived writing system was replaced by Arabic script in all but Zoroastrian usage, which continued to use the name 'pahlavi' for the Aramaic-derived writing system and went on to create the bulk of all Middle Iranian literature in that writing system. It also appears in quotations in the Mishnah and Tosefta, although smoothed into its later context. Here's how you say it. Old Judean literature can be found in various inscriptions and personal letters, preserved quotations in the Talmud and receipts from Qumran. Classical Hebrew vocalisation, therefore, in representing the Hebrew of this period, probably reflects the contemporary pronunciation of this Aramaic dialect.[117]. Ezra 7:12-26. Dukhrana: Syriac dictionaries, online search in the dictionaries of Costaz, Payne Smith, Jennings. To a certain extent, these states correspond to the role of articles and cases in the Indo-European languages: Whereas other Northwest Semitic languages, like Hebrew, have the absolute and construct states, the emphatic/determined state is a unique feature to Aramaic. In the Torah (Hebrew Bible), "Aram" is used as a proper name of several people including descendants of Shem,[55] Nahor,[56] and Jacob. Aramaic. Find more words! interpreter: someone who mediates between speakers of different languages. It was commonly used by the sons of Adam to rail against the evil actions of the fallen who had . Additionally, it can also translate Hebrew into over 100 other languages. . All these speakers of Modern Western Aramaic are fluent in Arabic as well.[81]. enter. Jeremiah 10:11. Luke 15:18 - I will get up and go to my father, and will tell him, " Father, I have sinned against heaven, and in your sight. Terms like: Old Aramaic, Ancient Aramaic, Early Aramaic, Middle Aramaic, Late Aramaic (and some others, like Paleo-Aramaic), were used in various meanings, thus referring (in scope or substance) to different stages in historical development of Aramaic language.[75][76][77]. Unlike many of the dialects of Old Aramaic, much is known about the vocabulary and grammar of Middle Aramaic. Aramaic Lexicon. A preformative, which can be - ha-, - a- or - a-, creates the C-stem or variously the Hapel, Apel or apel (also spelt Haphel, Aphel and Shaphel). Apr 16, 2009. Two basic diphthongs exist: an open vowel followed by y (ay), and an open vowel followed by w (aw). Google 100 - It influenced the Biblical Aramaic of the Qumran texts, and was the main language of non-biblical theological texts of that community. + . Covfefe' (pronounced "cuv - fee- fae") is an Antediluvian term for "In the end we win.". The language is often mistakenly considered to have originated within Assyria (Iraq). Hebrew to Arabic Translation Service can translate from Hebrew to Arabic language. [71], The turbulence of the last two centuries (particularly the Assyrian genocide) has seen speakers of first-language and literary Aramaic dispersed throughout the world. The Onkelos translation of the Bible . In time, in Iranian usage, these Aramaic "words" became disassociated from the Aramaic language and came to be understood as signs (i.e. Hebrew to Arabic Translation. Archeologically an Aramaic "Persian period ostracon describing a delivery of wine" was found at Ashdod indicating that Aramaic was the working language of Ashdod. Here are a few worth knowing. A person who translates from one language into another, esp. English to Binary. Zalgo Text. shift_right. The difference between the variants Hapel and Apel appears to be the gradual dropping of the initial h sound in later Old Aramaic. The major Targums, translations of the Hebrew Bible into Aramaic, were originally composed in Hasmonaean Aramaic. Around 500 BC, following the Achaemenid (Persian) conquest of Mesopotamia under Darius I, Aramaic (as had been used in that region) was adopted by the conquerors as the "vehicle for written communication between the different regions of the vast empire with its different peoples and languages. Adjectives agree with their nouns in number and gender but agree in state only if used attributively. Glitch Text Generator. The Giving of Garments. Samaria had its distinctive Samaritan Aramaic, where the consonants "he", "heth" and "'ayin" all became pronounced as "aleph". For centuries after the fall of the Achaemenid Empire (in 330 BC), Imperial Aramaic or a version thereof near enough for it to be recognisable would remain an influence on the various native Iranian languages. These are consonants that are pronounced with the root of the tongue retracted, with varying degrees of pharyngealization and velarization. It seems to have a number of distinctive features: diphthongs are never simplified into monophthongs. However, some of those regional dialects became written languages by the 2nd century BC. Aramaic Automotive translation services. Type a for . Imperial (Persian) Aramaic, however, tended to follow a S-O-V pattern (similar to Akkadian), which was the result of Persian syntactic influence. Having largely lived in remote areas as insulated communities for over a millennium, the remaining speakers of modern Aramaic dialects, such as the Assyrians, and the Arameans, escaped the linguistic pressures experienced by others during the large-scale language shifts that saw the proliferation of other tongues among those who previously did not speak them, most recently the Arabization of the Middle East and North Africa by Arabs beginning with the early Muslim conquests of the seventh century.[69]. Imperial Aramaic was highly standardised; its orthography was based more on historical roots than any spoken dialect, and the inevitable influence of Persian gave the language a new clarity and robust flexibility. The masculine construct plural, -, is written with yodh. The close front vowel is the "long" i (like the vowel in "need", [i]). In Biblical Aramaic, the last form is virtually absent. Like Nabataean, Palmyrene was influenced by Arabic, but to a much lesser degree. Once complete, the text on the page should be in the language you've chosen. Aramaic has two grammatical genders: masculine and feminine. [68] The Achaemenid Empire (539323 BC) continued this tradition, and the extensive influence of these empires led to Aramaic gradually becoming the lingua franca of most of western Asia, Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Egypt.[8][10]. A word meaning God. Being in contact with other regional languages, some Aramaic dialects were often engaged in mutual exchange of influences, particularly with Arabic,[69] Iranian,[70] and Kurdish. This is noted by the respelling of the older he preformative with aleph. The 3rd century AD is taken as the threshold between Old and Middle Aramaic. The "Chaldean misnomer" was eventually abandoned, when modern scholarly analyses showed that Aramaic dialect used in Hebrew Bible was not related to ancient Chaldeans and their language. "[18], Historically and originally, Aramaic was the language of the Arameans, a Semitic-speaking people of the region between the northern Levant and the northern Tigris valley. It is not to be confused with, Other dialects of the Post-Achaemenid period, Eastern dialects of the Post-Achaemenid period, Western dialects of the Post-Achaemenid period, , . good[emph.]. These three derived stems are the Gt-stem, Hipel or Epel (also written Hithpeel or Ethpeel), the Dt-stem, Hipaal or Epaal (also written Hithpaal or Ethpaal), and the Ct-stem, Hihapal, Ettapal, Hitapal or Etapal (also written Hithhaphal, Ettaphal, Hishtaphal or Eshtaphal). The close front vowels usually use the consonant y as a mater lectionis. Assyrian language. There are multiple ways to say "hello" in Arabic. There is much correspondence between these vowels between dialects. 1, 6, 4). A distinguishing feature of Aramaic phonology (and that of Semitic languages in general) is the presence of "emphatic" consonants. To link to this Numbers 1-10 page, copy the following code to your site: Need the translation of "Aramaic" in English but even don't know the meaning? Aramaic Translation ARAMAIC LANGUAGES WESTERN ARAMAIC: Very little remains of Western Aramaic. Middle Judaean Aramaic, the descendant of Old Judaean Aramaic, was no longer the dominant dialect, and was used only in southern Judaea (the variant Engedi dialect continued throughout this period). The translations are sorted from the most common to the less popular. [15] Researchers are working to record and analyze all of the remaining varieties of Neo-Aramaic languages before they become extinct. Click to keep reading in Wikipedia - in Hebrew, in English The period before this, dubbed "Ancient Aramaic", saw the development of the language from being spoken in Aramaean city-states to become a major means of communication in diplomacy and trade throughout Mesopotamia, the Levant and Egypt. The Jewish varieties that have come from communities that once lived between Lake Urmia and Mosul are not all mutually intelligible. This is often an extensive or causative development of the basic lexical meaning. [119], As the Western Aramaic languages of the Levant and Lebanon have become nearly extinct in non-liturgical usage, the most prolific speakers of Aramaic dialects in the 21st century are Sureth Eastern Neo-Aramaic speakers, the most numerous being the Northeastern Neo-Aramaic speakers of Mesopotamia. Predicative adjectives are in the absolute state regardless of the state of their noun (a copula may or may not be written). This was the language of the Christian Melkite (Chalcedonian) community from the 5th to the 8th century. You would definitely need the ability to communicate in foreign languages to understand the mind and context of that other culture. The dialects of Old Eastern Aramaic continued in Assyria, Mesopotamia, Armenia and Iran as a written language using the Estragela Edessa script. Possessive phrases in Aramaic can either be made with the construct state or by linking two nouns with the relative particle -[[ d[]-. However, as with other stems, actual meaning differs from verb to verb. Gate2Home / Hebrew Keyboard; Hebrew. Copy [Ctrl]+ [C] & Paste [Ctrl]+ [V] Note: The Syriac is written from right to left. The so-called "emphatic" consonants (see the next section) cause all vowels to become mid-centralised. The Jewish Bible, the Old Testament, was originally written almost entirely in . History. The texts, which were rendered on leather, reflect the use of Aramaic in the 4th century BC Achaemenid administration of Bactria and Sogdia.[93]. This is often an intensive development of the basic lexical meaning. By the end of the 2nd century BC, several variants of Post-Achaemenid Aramaic emerged, bearing regional characteristics. [72] However, Aramaic is also experiencing a revival among Maronites in Israel in Jish.[73]. Ezra 4:8-6:18. Other Western Aramaic languages, like Jewish Palestinian Aramaic and Samaritan Aramaic, are preserved only in liturgical and literary usage. Biblical Aramaic is the Aramaic found in four discrete sections of the Hebrew Bible: Biblical Aramaic is a somewhat hybrid dialect. Galilean Aramaic, the dialect of Jesus' home region, is only known from a few place names, the influences on Galilean Targumic, some rabbinic literature and a few private letters. Tatian, the author of the gospel harmony the Diatessaron came from Assyria, and perhaps wrote his work (172 AD) in East Mesopotamian rather than Syriac or Greek. The Zondervan Academic online course Basics of Biblical Aramaic introduces you to the Aramaic language so that you can use it to better understand and teach God's Word.

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