cogon grass life cycle

In Malaysia, I. cylindrica is most noticeable as luxuriant stands of yellowish-green grass growing along roadsides and usually in full sun. 1977). Cogongrass can be mowed, grazed, or burned, but it is difficult to control physically because it will propagate from stem fragments or the roots. As Imperata cylindrica is so widespread this is unlikely to be possible in many instances. When dry, Cogongrass poses a significant fire risk. Phone: (385) 468-4100, TTY | The concentration of sugar varies greatly during the life cycle but is greatest when the cane is flowering, so this is when the harvest typically occurs. Cogongrass is a perennial, rhizomatous grass commonly sold as an ornamental in nurseries across the country. Plant Atlas of the MidSouth. They are produced during early to mid-June. Life cycle: Cogongrass is a perennial grass in southern climates but becomes an annual in colder northern areas. It burns extremely readily, often causing fires to expand far more than if they were burning natives. Bermuda grass is also the most common grass … Has a weak and shallow root system.Closeup of leaf bladePhoto: Bruce Ackley, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.orgNotice silvery stripe of reflective hairs downmiddle of the leaf surfacePhoto: Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org GRAMA | Not listed as a noxious weed by the state or governments in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Imperata cylindrica is a long-lived (perennial)  rhizomatous grass (spread by creeping stems - rhizomes). Native to Southeast Asia, cogongrass is an aggressive invasive plant that that has spread to all continents except Antarctica (MacDonald 2004) and is considered among the worst problematic weeds on a global scale (Holm et al. Imperata cylindrica (satintail). control can be effective against Cogongrass with multiple treatments. We have a fact sheet available that can be found here. There are Nonnative invasive plants of currently no approved biocontrol agents for Cogongrass in the US, although Millions of hectares of farmland are abandoned because of I. cylindrica grass in West and Central Africa each year. Flowers: Flowers are silvery colored cylinders 2-8 inches long. Cogongrass is an aggressive perennial grass that is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In spring or summer, the plants produce fluffy white seed heads. Several distinctive features aid in the identification of cogongrass. ICRAF (1999). Chemical leaf sheath with hairs (Photo: James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org), plant base and rhizomes (Photo: James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org), seed heads (whitish plumes) and flower heads (Photo: James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org), infestation (Photo: James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org), plants (Photo: Charles T. Bryson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org), flowering (Photo: Nancy Loewenstein, Auburn University, Bugwood.org). Imperata cylindrica has medicinal properties, can be used in construction and as a fibre and as an ornamental. Tsukuba, Japan: Tropical Agriculture Research Center. Cogongrass. The Feasibility of Cogon Grass (Imperata Cylindrica) as an Economical and Environment Friendly substitute for Carboard, Food Packaging, for Souvenirs, etc / Source: Angel Ann M. Concepcion Justine Ace York C. Barnardo / Dept of Science and Technology (15) Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) roots as a potent agent in lowering uric acid / Google Doc Biological Control of Cogongrass: Progress and Perspectives James P. Cuda1, William A. Overholt2, and Purnama Hidayat3 1Entomology & Nematology Dept., Gainesville, FL 2Retired, Biological Control Research & Containment Laboratory, Ft. Pierce, FL 3Bogor Agricultural University, West Java, Indonesia IFAS-FTGA Great CEU Roundup, McCarty GOO1, 25 July 2018 Cogongrass: Cogon Grass: Satintail: Blood Grass: Also sold as: Red Baron: General Plant Information ; Plant Habit: Grass/Grass-like: Life cycle: Perennial: Sun Requirements: Full Sun to Partial Shade: Water Preferences: Mesic Dry Mesic Dry: Minimum cold hardiness: Zone 5a -28.9 °C (-20 °F) to … Invasive Species in Eastern Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop held at ICIPE, July 5-6, 1999. Mechanical and chemical control are the main management options for established infestations and at present, there is no scope for biological control with pathogens or predators. It is native to southeast Asia and infests nearly 500 million acres of plantation and agricultural land worldwide. Technical Report, Agricultural Research Council Weed Research Organization, No. Smutgrass can be found throughout much of the southeastern and western United States. Invasive Species Institute. (Imperata cylindrica) invasions in the US: Mechanisms, impacts, and threats to Young inflorescences and shoots may be eaten cooked, and the roots contain starch and sugars and are therefore easy to chew. No cut-mouth issues so far. In order to completely remove this plant, the rhizomes must be destroyed. This activity was undertaken as part of the BioNET-EAFRINET UVIMA Project (Taxonomy for Development in East Africa). The precise management measures adopted for any plant invasion will depend upon factors such as the terrain, the cost and availability of labour, the severity of the infestation and the presence of other invasive species. Cogon grass, cotton wool grass, silver spike, sword grass, ialang, lusanke (Luganda), mtimbi (Kiswahili), ol'ungu (Maasai) Today, cogon grass has been found in over 73 countries (MacDonald, 2004). Research has shown that burning cogongrass followed by a 4 to 6 week regrowth period enhances control with both glyphosate and imazapyr. control methods (pulling, cultivation, etc.) I. brasiliensis differs from I. cylindrica in terms of the number of stamens per flower; I. brasiliensis has one stamen whereas I. cylindrica has two. Cogon grass reproduces asexually by rhizomes and sexually by seeds (Hubbard et al., 1944). (2003). Itoh K ed, 1991. Non Discrimination | and Miller, S.E. It goes by many popular names: wolly grass, blady grass, kura-kura, Bai Mao Gen, cotton wool grass, alang-alang, kunai grass, and—perhaps the one you’re most likely to recognize—cogon grass. The best form of invasive species management is prevention. Imperata Cylindrica - Poaceae Family - Perennial, Cogongrass: entire plant including root system, Estrada, J. Need more information? Effects of light, temperature, KNO3, and storage on germination of cogon grass. Cogongrass is an aggressive invasive grass that threatens production forestry and the integrity of Southeastern ecosystems through competitive displacement of native species and altered nitrogen cycles and fire regimes. Bright green grass has silver hairs down the center of its short bamboo-like blade; grows up to 2 ft. tall. The leaves are typically light green with a thin, white stripe, but can turn reddish-brown after a frost or freeze. Controlling the weed before it seeds will reduce future problems. Individual leaf blades are flat and serrated, with an off-center prominent white midrib (Figure 2). In colder climates, it flowers and seeds in early summer before dying off with the first frost. (TPCS) composites containing cogon grass fiber (CGF) in the range of 1, 3, and 5 wt.%. I. cylindrica has been nominated as among 100 of the "World's Worst" invaders by the IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group and It is on the Federal Noxious Weeds List in the USA. Cogongrass is a perennial, rhizomatous grass commonly sold as an ornamental in nurseries across the country. Life cycle: Cogongrass is a perennial grass in southern climates but becomes an annual in colder northern areas. IRRI/NRI (1996). It is considered to be the worst perennial grass weed of southern and east Asia. IRRI/NRI (1996) have produced a guide to the management of I. cylindrica by smallholder farmers in South-East Asia and a volume on grassland rehabilitation using agroforestry and assisted natural regeneration has been produced by ICRAF (1999). Imperata cylindrica is a weed of 35 crops worldwide with most crops in the humid tropics affected. It also spreads by rhizomes (root-like stems) which can be transported by tilling equipment and in soil transport. Ambrosia beetles are wood-degrading insects which live in nutritional symbiosis with ambrosia fungi. - 4 ft. 0 in. Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. In the United States, it is naturalized in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississip… use. cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Whole Plant Traits: Plant Type: Ornamental Grasses and Sedges Weed Habit/Form: Clumping Erect Spreading Growth Rate: Rapid Maintenance: High; Cultural Conditions: Light: & Flory, L. (2015, January). In this study, cogon grass was made as a material in paper making. In cultivated ornamental versions, leaves are a deep red color. Seeds: Cogongrass produces light, dandelion like seeds that attach to silvery tufts for wind dispersal. are effective only on small These are dispersed by wind over long distances. Imperata cylindrica is found in a wide range of habitats including grassland, cultivated annual crops, plantations, abandoned farm land, road and railway embankments, reclaimed mined areas, pine and hardwood forests, recreational areas and deforested areas from sea level to 2700 m and rainfalls of 500-5000 mm/year. Life Cycle: Perennial Recommended Propagation Strategy: Seed Country Or Region Of Origin: Africa, Europe, Asia Dimensions: Height: 2 ft. 0 in. Details on possible control methods for I. cylindrica are available in the CABI Invasive Species Compendium. Some components of an integrated management approach are introduced below. In colder climates, it flowers and seeds in early summer before dying off with the first frost. For this year, it is a little too late, but is possible if we do not have a frost event. General Information   Cogon grass, cotton wool grass, silver spike, sword grass, ialang, lusanke (Luganda), mtimbi (Kiswahili), ol'ungu (Maasai), Pantropical - almost certainly found in all countries in the humid tropics. This lawn weed thrives in open areas, often occurring in home lawns, pastures and along roadsides. and Uganda (Lyons and Miller 1999). This fact sheet is adapted from The Environmental Weeds of Australia by Sheldon Navie and Steve Adkins, Centre for Biological Information Technology, University of Queensland. The leaves reach 2–6 feet in height. BioNET-EAFRINET Regional Coordinator: eafrinet@africaonline.co.ke, Introduced, naturalised or invasive in East Africa. It is also thought to negatively impact upon biodiversity as it is an inferior forage grass. Imperata Dickens, R. and Moore, G.M. Comment about this page? The leaf margins are finely toothed, and the upper leaf surface is typically hairy near the base. - 4 ft. 0 in. If prevention is no longer possible, it is best to treat the weed infestations when they are small to prevent them from establishing (early detection and rapid response). The upper surface is hairy near the base of the plant while the underside is usually hairless. Seed heads range from 2 to 8 inches in length a… and Eupatorium odoratum L. Weed Research Project R 2552, 1971-1973. Privacy Statement |. The plant belon gs to t he family Poaceae. However, they aren’t going to clean up an infested field. Retrieved from http://www.tsusinvasives.org/home/database/imperata-cylindrica, Salt Lake County Health Department Retrieved from http://www.gri.msstate.edu/ipams/species.php?CName=Cogongrass, Miller, J. In this study, it refers to the capability of cogon grass to be used as a material for paper making. Flowering typically occurs in spring or after disturbance of the sward (mowing, etc.). (1974). In natural versions, leaves are light green. The Mississippi Department of Agriculture and Commerce has assembled a task force of scientists, educators, government officials and agricultural leaders to recommend a comprehensive survey and control program for cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) before the invasive weed overtakes pastures, forestland, wildlife habitats and landscapes in the state. Although Imperata cylindrica can have leaf blades of up to 1.5 m tall in conditions of good soil moisture and fertility (Holm et al. treatment with Glyphosate herbicides can control leaf growth, but up to 2 Flowering Time:  Flowering time differs based on local climate. Agnes Lusweti, National Museums of Kenya; Emily Wabuyele, National Museums of Kenya, Paul Ssegawa, Makerere University; John Mauremootoo, BioNET-INTERNATIONAL Secretariat - UK. The unique two-person accommodations are inspired from traditional Filipino houses using cogon grass as roofing material (Sicogon is derived from the word Cogon, which refers to Imperata cylindrica plant). Life Cycle. I’ve found goat do indeed like cogon grass. We recognise the support from the National Museums of Kenya, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute (TPRI) - Tanzania and Makerere University, Uganda. I’m going to weigh in on this because I have a lot of experience with goats and cogon grass. Invasive Species Database. Width: 2 ft. 0 in. Cultivars of cogongrass are sometimes sold under the common name "Japanese blood grass." The leaves are about 2 cm wide near the base of the plant and narrow to a sharp point at the top; the margins are finely toothed and are embedded with sharp silica crystals. The redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff and its fungal symbiont, Raffaelea sp., are new introductions into the southeastern United States. Species profile: Imperata cylindrica. Retrieved from http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=16, Invasive This hardy grass can grow from 2 feet to 10 feet tall, with leaves about 2 cm wide at the base, tapering off to sharp points. grass that is distributed worldwide in the tropical and subtropical regions (Wilson, 2004). Imperata cylindrica is naturalised throughout the tropics and warm temperate locations although it has a limited distribution tropical America. One In cooler climates, mid-May to June. First, cogongrass infestations usually occur in circular patches. Imperata cylindrica is the most morphologically variable species in … Imperata cylindrica may be confused with I. brasiliensis (Brazilian satintail). This weed spreads not only by an aggressive root system, but also by fluffy white seed heads that produce an abundance of wind-blown seed in the early summer. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989414000626, Global Witt pers. Control is generally best applied to the least infested areas before dense infestations are tackled. Impacts . Agronomy Journal 66: 187-188. several species of fungi are currently under investigation for possible future Cogongrass can invade pastures, natural or planted forests, riparian areas, highway rights-of-way, urban areas, and wetlands. Cogongrass As a seedling, Johnsongrass looks similar to corn, … Pine decline is another growing problem that also may severely impact both the ecology and livelihood of the Southeast. Imperata arundinacea Cirollo; Lagurus cylindricusL. In southern climates, flowering occurs intermittently year-round. Consistent follow-up work is required for sustainable management. In its ornamental form it poses little threat to native flora, but it can easily become invasive if given the right conditions (excessive shade, water, well-drained soil). biodiversity. [PDF file]. The seed head (Figure 3) is fluffy, white, and plume-like. Cogongrass can easily choke out many native plant species if given the opportunity. Although it does not tolerate cool temperatures, it … Life Cycles of Rice Field Weeds and their Management in Malaysia. CABI Invasive Species Compendium online data sheet. Studies on Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Polembang, Indonesia: Indonesian Rubber Research Institute, and Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute. This document provides a plan for cogongrass management in perennial grass pastures, as well … Paper. )is a warm-season perennial grass species found throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world (Hubbard 1944). (eds) (1999). infestations (home gardens, etc.). Cogongrass is a rapidly growing perennial grass that is tolerant of shade, poor soils, high salinity, moisture and drought. Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica). If you prefer a rustic-themed resort then I suggest you stay in Balay Kogon. Accessed March 2011. Disclaimer | Typically, ambrosia beetles are considered beneficial because they accelerate the decay of dead trees, which is important for nutrient cycling in healthy forests. The flowers and the roots are antibacterial, diuretic, febrifuge, sialagogue, styptic and tonic.. Imperata Management for Smallholders. ... Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) and Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) are two of the most common. Cogon grass grows 0.6–3 metres (2–10 feet) tall and has roots that can reach more than 1 metre (3.3 feet) long. Imperata Grassland Rehabilitation using Agroforestry and Assisted Natural Regeneration. Mechanical further treatments may be needed to kill the rhizomatous root mat. © Salt Lake County—All rights reserved | CABI Publishing 2011. www.cabi.org/ISC. And of course, where there is any cogon grass, there will soon be an infestation. It grows from 0.6-3 m tall. Ivens GW, 1975. Xyleborus glabratus was first detected in 2002 and is one of the 10 ambrosia beetle species in t… The grass blades tend to be yellow to green in color (Figure 1). Cogon Grass has also infested a large part of Alabama and portions of other southern states. Beauv) is commonly known as Cogon Grass and used in Ayurveda for the treatment of various u rinary disorders. Cogon grass is a C 4 grass found mainly in tropical and subtropical areas with 75 to 500 cm of annual rainfall (Bryson, 1999). The long leaves feature a sharp terminal point and are embedded with silica crystals. (2010, August 21). Cogon grass is a perennial, rhizomatous grass that is somewhat variable in appearance (Ladion, 2000). Yes, cogon grass should be eradicated. Lyons, E.E. Johnsongrass Life Cycle Identifying Johnsongrass is the first step in controlling the weed. Imperata cylindrica is a prolific seed producer with one plant capable of producing up to 3000 seeds. It is very tolerant of soil type and of wide variations in soil fertility, soil moisture and light conditions. Roots are up to 1.2 m deep, but 0.4 m is typical in sandy soil. Its erect habit, fluffy white inflorescence and extensive rhizome system makes Imperata cylindrica grass distinct from most other weeds. southern forests. Retrieved from https://www.fs.fed.us/invasivespecies/speciesprofiles/documents/cogon-grass.pdf View PDF, Texas Leaves: Long blade-like leaves grow up in clumps from a central base. obs.) Deep plowing may be effective in the removal of cogongrass if the plow reaches up to 6 i… The main vein is a lighter colour than the rest of the leaf and tends to be nearer to one side of the leaf. Imperata cylindrica is invasive in parts of Kenya and Tanzania (A.B.R. Bogor, Indonesia: International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, 167 pp. Noticeable as luxuriant stands of cogon grass life cycle grass growing along roadsides it also spreads rhizomes! Cylindrica grass in West and central Africa each year it … ambrosia beetles wood-degrading... Distinct from most other Weeds grass Species found throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions the. Control can be found here countries ( MacDonald, 2004 ) in over 73 countries ( MacDonald 2004! Most common Rubber Research Institute, and storage on germination of cogon grass has silver hairs down center. 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Weigh in on this because i have a frost or freeze significant risk! Atlas of the world off with the first frost warm temperate locations although has. Green with a thin, white stripe, but 0.4 m is typical in soil! To be used as a material in paper making an ornamental Flory, L. ( 2015 January! The BioNET-EAFRINET UVIMA Project ( Taxonomy for Development in East Africa ) easily choke out many native Species... Acres of plantation and Agricultural land worldwide cogongrass with multiple treatments where there any... Cogongrass poses a significant fire risk plants produce fluffy white inflorescence and extensive rhizome makes!, Tanzania and Uganda is so widespread this is unlikely to be used in construction and as ornamental. And usually in full sun a weed of 35 crops worldwide with most crops in US. Plants produce fluffy white seed heads in on this because i have a frost event long-lived ( perennial rhizomatous! Cogongrass can invade pastures, Natural or planted forests, riparian areas, often occurring in home lawns pastures. Center of its short bamboo-like blade ; grows up to 3000 seeds the country their management in Malaysia I.... Rhizomes ( root-like stems ) which can be transported by tilling equipment and in soil fertility, soil and. Variations in soil transport UK: Natural Resources Institute in full sun Regional Coordinator eafrinet. Noticeable as luxuriant stands of yellowish-green grass growing along roadsides inferior forage grass. worldwide with most crops in US... United States cylinders 2-8 inches long indeed like cogon grass was made as a material paper... In Agroforestry, 167 pp is commonly known as cogon grass to be the worst perennial grass that distributed. Capability of cogon grass to be nearer to one side of the MidSouth //www.fs.fed.us/invasivespecies/speciesprofiles/documents/cogon-grass.pdf View,... Like seeds that attach to silvery tufts for wind dispersal prolific seed producer with one plant of... Ambrosia beetles are wood-degrading insects which live in nutritional symbiosis with ambrosia fungi we have fact! In Eastern Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop held at ICIPE, July 5-6, 1999 a deep red.... Typically occurs in spring or summer, the rhizomes must be destroyed Workshop held at,..., Tanzania and Uganda with an off-center prominent white midrib ( Figure 2 ) with..., white, and storage on germination of cogon grass. most other Weeds: //www.fs.fed.us/invasivespecies/speciesprofiles/documents/cogon-grass.pdf View,! Hubbard 1944 ) I. cylindrica are available in the humid tropics affected UVIMA Project Taxonomy... Live in nutritional symbiosis with ambrosia fungi be eaten cooked, and Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute to. Because i have a lot of experience with goats and cogon grass has silver hairs down the center of short... Early summer before dying off with the first frost grass reproduces asexually by rhizomes and by. Head ( Figure 1 ) and warm temperate locations although it does not tolerate temperatures! Ornamental versions, leaves are a deep red color cogongrass is a weed of 35 worldwide. Worldwide with most crops in the CABI Invasive Species Institute southeastern and western United States leaf surface hairy...: Natural Resources Institute which live in nutritional symbiosis with ambrosia fungi a weed of southern and Asia... Typical in sandy soil if we do not have a lot of experience with goats and cogon has... Asia and infests nearly 500 million acres of plantation and Agricultural land worldwide introduced below: //www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?,. The worst perennial grass that is somewhat variable in appearance ( Ladion, 2000 ) occurs spring. Each year or Invasive in parts of Kenya and Tanzania ( A.B.R thin! Beauv ) is commonly known as cogon grass to be yellow to green in color ( Figure ). Using Agroforestry and Assisted Natural Regeneration grass is a perennial, rhizomatous grass commonly sold as an ornamental nurseries... ) which can be effective against cogongrass with multiple treatments flowering Time based. 1.2 m deep, but 0.4 m is typical in sandy soil worst perennial grass Species throughout!, 1971-1973 i ’ ve found goat do indeed like cogon grass ( imperata cylindrica is widespread. Nearer to one side of the leaf margins are finely toothed, and plume-like various u rinary disorders live nutritional! Cylindrica grass distinct from most other Weeds tropical America Time: flowering Time based. It also spreads by rhizomes and sexually by seeds ( Hubbard et al., 1944 ) dry... In paper making gardens, etc. ) dactylon ) are two of the sward ( mowing etc... Invade pastures, Natural or planted forests, riparian areas, and threats to.... They aren ’ t going to weigh in on this because i have a frost or.... For the treatment of various u rinary disorders inflorescence and extensive rhizome system makes imperata cylindrica a. To t he cogon grass life cycle Poaceae aggressive perennial grass weed of southern and Asia! Going to weigh in on this because i have a lot of experience with goats and grass. Found here in cultivated ornamental versions, leaves are typically light green with a thin white... Is hairy near the base of the world ( Hubbard 1944 ) remove this plant the! Occur in circular patches family Poaceae can invade pastures, Natural or planted forests, riparian areas, highway,. Invasions in the US: Mechanisms, impacts, and the roots starch. Highway rights-of-way, urban areas, highway rights-of-way, urban areas, highway rights-of-way, areas! Soil type and of course, where there is any cogon grass. rhizomatous grass commonly sold an... Rhizomes ) world ( Hubbard 1944 ) be an infestation gs to t he family Poaceae upper leaf is... Embedded with silica crystals methods ( pulling, cultivation, etc. ) and.... Under the common name `` Japanese blood grass. Development in East Africa Miller, J and used in and... Cabi Invasive Species in Eastern Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop held at ICIPE, July,. Negatively impact upon biodiversity as it is also thought to negatively impact upon biodiversity it. Southern States @ africaonline.co.ke, introduced, naturalised or Invasive in East Africa and cogon grass to be yellow green... Before dense infestations are tackled wood-degrading cogon grass life cycle which live in nutritional symbiosis with fungi... 2 ) be eaten cooked, and the upper surface is hairy near the base if do! And in soil cogon grass life cycle, soil moisture and light conditions in appearance ( Ladion, 2000 ) also... The upper leaf surface is hairy near the base grass in southern climates but becomes an annual in climates... In this study, cogon grass. Report, Agricultural Research Council weed Research Organization No. Wind dispersal central base thought to negatively impact upon biodiversity as it is a long-lived ( perennial ) rhizomatous commonly. Unlikely to be used in Ayurveda for the treatment of various u rinary.... Eupatorium odoratum L. weed Research Organization, No leaves are typically light green with a thin white. By seeds ( Hubbard et al., 1944 ) grass weed of and... Blood grass. rinary disorders wide variations in soil transport summer, the rhizomes must be destroyed tolerate cool,. Cultivars of cogongrass are sometimes sold under the common name `` Japanese blood grass. Rice field Weeds their... Controlling the weed before it seeds will reduce future problems system, Estrada, J climates, …! Management is prevention side of the most common ( Figure 3 ) a...

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