noun. The use of clerestories—a row of windows well above eye level—stretches all the way back to temples in ancient Egypt. "The Clerestory Window in Architecture." A clerestory window is an architectural feature, added to any building, in order to let in natural light and air. Factory buildings often are built with clerestory windows; modern housing designs sometimes include them as well. Early Christian Byzantine architecture featured this type of fenestration to shed overhead light into the massive spaces builders were beginning to construct. During the Romanesque period a third level was inserted between them, a gallery called the "triforium". The sunlight that comes in through a clerestory window isn’t harsh and direct like most windows. ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. Clerestory windows illuminate many of Frank Lloyd Wright-designed interior spaces, especially the Usonian home designs, including the Zimmerman House and the Toufic Kalil Home. Wright was an early promoter of natural light and ventilation, no doubt in response to working in the Chicago area during the height of America's industrialization. Clerestory Meaning in Hindi: Find the definition of Clerestory in Hindi. "The Clerestory Window in Architecture." These are high, vertically placed windows. Remember that this "new" way of design is centuries old. VW made the Samba from 1961-67 in several versions, which had as many as 23 windows, and it is highly prized by collectors. Because it enters from the side and is reflected higher on the walls, it’s more of … The clerestory was used in the Hellenistic architecture of the later periods of ancient Greek civilization. By 1893 Wright had his prototype for the Prairie Style in the Winslow House, showing second-story windows under the enormous eave overhang. Generally, in Gothic masterpieces the clerestory is divided into bays by the vaulting shafts that continue the same tall columns that form the arcade separating the aisles from the nave. Find out information about clerestory window. Clerestory windows from YKK Commercial give the illusion that the roof hovers above the house—a key factor in keeping the light, modern touch that the homeowners desired. OneIndia Hindi Dictionary offers the meaning of Clerestory in hindi with pronunciation, … From the Cambridge English Corpus This occurs … 1 Each of a series of windows in a clerestory. Craven, Jackie. Clerestory roofs were used on railway carriages (known as "clerestory carriages") from the mid-nineteenth century to the 1930s. Clerestory Pronunciation:Clerestory pronunciation is “Clear Story” Benefits of clerestory: Minimal use of electricity; Though clerestory windows are typically fixed, they can be made operable, providing a means of cross-ventilation for a building. Factory buildings are often built with clerestory windows; modern housing designs sometimes include them as well. Pictures illustrating the definition of 'Clerestory' in the Illustrated Dictionary of British Churches, History and Architecture. By the time Wright was marketing his Usonian homes, the clerestory windows had become an important part of both the interior design, as seen in the 1939 Rosenbaum house in Alabama, and the exterior design, as in the 1950 Zimmerman House in New Hampshire. The development of the groin vault and ribbed vault made possible the insertion of clerestory windows. The term "clerestory" is applicable to Egyptian temples, where the lighting of the hall of columns was obtained over the stone roofs of the adjoining aisles, through slits pierced in vertical slabs of stone. clearstory. The technology of the clerestory appears to originate in the temples of ancient Egypt. Clerestory windows have become a mainstay of modern residential architecture. [5], To that end, clerestories are used in conjunction with stone, brick, concrete, and other high-mass walls and floors, properly positioned to store solar heat gains during the hotter parts of the day – allowing the walls and the floor to act as a heat bank during the cooler parts of the day.[6]. This feature is found in some late Romanesque and early Gothic buildings in France. clerestory - part of an interior wall rising above the adjacent roof with windows admitting light clearstory window - a framework of wood or metal that contains a glass windowpane and is … Some Romanesque churches have barrel vaulted ceilings with no clerestory. An upper story row of windows; part of an interior wall rising above the adjacent roof with windows admitting light... clerestory- part of an interior wall rising above … 1. clerestory - part of an interior wall rising above the adjacent roof with windows admitting light. Initially the nave of a large aisled and clerestoried church was of two levels, arcade and clerestory. Clerestory definition, a portion of an interior rising above adjacent rooftops and having windows admitting daylight to the interior. Historically, clerestory denoted an upper level of a Roman basilica or of the nave of a Romanesque or Gothic church, the walls of which rise above the rooflines of the lower aisles and are pierced with windows. Clearstory is an alternative form of clerestory. In architecture, a clerestory is a high section of wall that contains windows above eye level. Originally, the word clerestory (pronounced CLEAR-story) referred to the upper level of a church or cathedral. In most large churches, they are an important feature, both for beauty and for utility. It is one way to use architectural design to help your home out of the darkness. The clerestory is known as "Mollycroft Roof", as well, especially in Romany and other caravans. "The best way to light a house is God's way — the natural way...." Wright wrote in "The Natural House", a 1954 classic book on American architecture. Modern clerestories often are defined as vertical windows, located on high walls, extending up from the roofline, designed to allow light and breezes into a space, without compromising privacy. See more. In a large building, where interior walls are far from the structure’s exterior walls, this method of lighting otherwise enclosed, windowless spaces Many of these churches have wooden roofs with clerestories below them. Definition: A shallow window set near the ceiling. The nave and aisles are separated by columns or piers, above which rises a wall pierced by clerestory windows. Another important element in creating daylighting is the use of clerestory windows. I thought the term clerestory window was pronounced like cler-est-or-eee.. Popular Posts Across MetaFilter. [9], The last clerestory-roofed trains on the London Underground were the 'Q' stock, which were withdrawn from operation in 1971. Designers who wish to maintain wall space and interior privacy AND keep a room well-lighted often use this type of window arrangement for both residential and commercial projects. Schindler's treatment seems subtler, especially with the lowering of ceilings over the living room to provide clerestory lighting from the roof level. clerestory window [of a church cathedral] translation in English - German Reverso dictionary, see also 'cover story',celebratory',clerk',cursory', examples, definition, conjugation Early Christian churches and some Byzantine churches, particularly in Italy, are based closely on the Roman basilica, and maintained the form of a central nave flanked by lower aisles on each side. The Romans applied clerestories to basilicas of justice and to the basilica-like bath-houses and palaces. Think of the interior of a Gothic church; the windows above the main floor are set in the clerestory, derived from combining the words “clear” and “story.” Interior Design - Looking Inside Frank Lloyd Wright, The Pennsylvania Synagogue by Frank Lloyd Wright, The Zimmermans' New Hampshire Home, A Usonian Classic, Portfolio of Selected Architecture by Frank Lloyd Wright, The Impost, the Impost Block, and the Abacus, Turner Contemporary Gallery, David Chipperfield Architects, United Kingdom, Kitchen, 1922 Schindler House, Los Angeles, California, Karl Kundert Medical Clinic, Frank Lloyd Wright, 1956, San Luis Obispo, California, Italian Byzantine Church of Saint Vitale in Ravenna, Italy, Sunlight Shining Into Grand Central Terminal, New York City, Doctor of Arts, University of Albany, SUNY, M.S., Literacy Education, University of Albany, SUNY, B.A., English, Virginia Commonwealth University. A window so placed. Similar structures have been used in transportation vehicles to provide additional lighting, ventilation, or headroom. There are many appropriate ways to use them. The first coach, a sleeping car named "Midland", was assembled and ready for trial-running in January 1874. Sometimes another gallery set into the wall space above the triforium and below the clerestory. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/what-is-a-clerestory-window-178425. [10], Clerestories were also used in early double-decker buses, giving better ventilation and headroom in the centre corridor, as well as better illumination.[11]. Part of the Britain Express Historic churches guide, an A-Z gazetteer, including history, how to get there, and what to see. window - a framework of wood or metal that contains a glass windowpane and is built into a wall or roof to admit light or air. A smaller home may have a band of narrow windows along the very top of a wall. Paolo Soleri uses clerestories in his work, calling them light scoops. Church of St Nicolai, Stralsund showing the clerestory windows between the copper roofs CMU - Concrete Masonry Unit - … (2020, August 27). In addition to adding clerestory windows to residential structures, Wright also used rows of glass in more traditional settings, such as his Unity Temple, Annunciation Greek Orthodox, and the original library, the Buckner Building, on the campus of Florida Southern College in Lakeland. In smaller churches, clerestory windows may be trefoils or quatrefoils. Have a definition for Clerestory window ? For Wright, the clerestory window was a design choice that satisfied his aesthetic and philosophic ideals. Some say it was American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) who adapted that Gothic art form to residential architecture. It is sometimes placed in the slope of a beamed ceiling. Clerestory windows are a type of "fenestration" or glass window placement found in both residential and commercial construction. A clerestory window is a large window or series of small windows along the top of a structure's wall, usually at or near the roof line. ‘In addition to the translucent panels, a ribbon of glass tops many of the interior and exterior walls and acts as a giant clerestory window, flooding the space with light.’. Modern clerestory windows may have another especially important role, besides daylighting and ventilation: they can be part of passive solar strategies, in very energy efficient buildings (Passive House Buildings, Zero Energy Buildings). The technique is also used for lighting a basement in a house built on a slope. Photo about: Giant clerestory windows Thought, Title: Clerestory Windows Definition, Description: .. , Tags: Clerestory Windows Advantages,Clerestory Windows Definition,Clerestory Windows Design,Clerestory Windows Design Ideas,Clerestory Windows Operable, Resolution: 1024px x 681px In architecture, a clerestory (/ˈklɪərstɔːri/ KLEER-stor-ee; lit. Clerestory definition is - an outside wall of a room or building that rises above an adjoining roof and contains windows. The purpose is to admit light, fresh air, or both. More example sentences. The eastern part of the clerestory is a modern reproduction of that which superseded Rahere's; but, with this exception, the interior of the choir was probably much the same originally as it is. The oldest glass clerestory windows still in place are from the late eleventh century, found in Augsburg Cathedral in Bavaria, Germany. clear storey, also clearstory, clearstorey, or overstorey) is a high section of wall that contains windows above eye level. Clerestory, in architecture, any fenestrated (windowed) wall of a room that is carried higher than the surrounding roofs to light the interior space. As the world became industrialized, natural light from clerestory windows supplemented the gas and electric lighting of venues such as Grand Central Terminal in New York City. For a more modern transportation hub in Lower Manhattan, Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava returned to ancient architectural history, incorporating a modern oculus — a version of Rome's Pantheon extreme clerestory — showing again that what's old is always new. Jan 6, 2021 - Explore Roberto Portolese's board "Clerestory windows", followed by 13740 people on Pinterest. An upper zone of wall pierced with windows that admit light to the center of a lofty room. The purpose is to admit light, fresh air, or both. Write it here to share it with the entire community. [1], In the Minoan palaces of Crete such as Knossos, by contrast, lightwells were employed in addition to clerestories. She is the author of two books on home decor and sustainable design. As modern sports stadiums and arenas became enclosed, with and without retractable roofing systems, the "clerestory lens," as it's called on the 2009 Cowboys Stadium, became more common. The clerestory window "serves as a lantern" to the house. Due to clerestory windows, natural … In modern terms any window, often a row of windows above head height, providing light and privacy, but no outside view. Look up at the great sacred places across the world. Clerestory appeared in Egypt at least as early as the Amarna period. The Volkswagen Type 2 Kombi, or Transport, commonly called the Microbus, came in a deluxe version with clerestory windows. Heavenly light becomes part of the prayerful experience in synagogues, cathedrals, and mosques throughout the ages, from Byzantine to Gothic to Modern structures like architect Alvar Alto's 1978 Church of the Assumption of Mary in Riola di Vergato, Italy. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-clerestory-window-178425. In some Italian churches they are ocular. Romanesque- era designs expanded the technique as medieval basilicas achieved more grandeur from height. clerestory: 1 n part of an interior wall rising above the adjacent roof with windows admitting light Synonyms: clearstory Type of: window a framework of wood or metal that contains a glass windowpane and is built into a wall or roof to admit light or air A clerestory wall often rises above adjoining roofs. [2], According to Biblical accounts, the Hebrew temple built by King Solomon featured clerestory windows made possible by the use of a tall, angled roof and a central ridgepole.[3]. Clerestory windows can also be particularly useful on the ground floor of a single storey house built on a sloping site as a means of importing light to the rear. or clearstory (ˈklɪəˌstɔːrɪ) noun Word forms: plural -ries 1. a row of windows in the upper part of the wall of a church that divides the nave from the aisle, set above the aisle roof [3] See also Clerestory windows are most often used to naturally illuminate (and often ventilate) large spaces such as sports arenas, transportation terminals, and gymnasiums. As nouns the difference between clearstory and clerestory is that clearstory is while clerestory is (architecture) the upper part of a wall containing windows to let in natural light to a building, especially in the nave, transept and choir of a … The tendency from the early Romanesque period to the late Gothic period was for the clerestory level to become progressively taller and the size of the windows to get proportionally larger in relation to wall surface, emerging in works such as the Gothic architecture of Amiens Cathedral or Westminster Abbey, where their clerestories account for nearly a third of the height of the interior.[4]. Dr. Jackie Craven has over 20 years of experience writing about architecture and the arts. ThoughtCo. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our, More Definitions of Clerestory or Clearstory, Architectural Examples of Clerestory Windows, A Selection of Clerestory Window Examples. The ribbed vaulting and flying buttresses of Gothic architecture concentrated the weight and thrust of the roof, freeing wall-space for larger clerestory fenestration. In a large building, like a gymnasium or train station, the windows will be positioned to allow light to illuminate a large interior space. Clerestory Window in Architecture: Definition & Design is a lesson you can access when you want to review more about the following topics: How clerestory windows are designed Discover surprising insights and little-known facts about politics, literature, science, and the marvels of the natural world. Aug 31, 2012 - Clerestory Window - A window in the upper part of a wall and sometimes the lower edge of the roof to give light and ventilation to a high room. By 1908 Wright was still struggling with a perfectly beautiful design when he wrote: "...often I used to gloat over the beautiful buildings I could build if only it were unnecessary to cut holes in them...." The holes, of course, are the windows and doors. CLERESTORY WINDOW - A window or series of windows in a wall above the eye line, for lighting and/or ventilation of the building. Their purpose is to ensure illumination without compromising on your privacy. The best natural way, according to Wright, is to place the clerestory along the southern exposure of the structure. A clerestory wall often rises above adjoining roofs. The triforium generally opens into space beneath the sloping roof of the aisle. The architects of Gothic-era cathedrals made clerestories an art form. 2. When facing toward the sun, clerestories and other windows may admit unacceptable glare. The main benefit of clerestory is ventilation, light, and air with the help of clerestory windows. A clerestory window is a large window or series of small windows along the top of a structure's wall, usually at or near the roof line. The Middle English word clerestorie means "clear story," which describes how an entire story of height was "cleared" to bring natural light to sizable interiors. They can be used to increase direct solar gain when oriented towards the equator. Epstein did not design the clerestories in a single, straight line; the glass drops down where possible to allow the maximum amount of light. During the Romanesque period, many churches of the basilica form were constructed all over Europe. Since clerestory windows are defined by their placement on the wall, and not a specific size or shape, they're actually pretty versatile. Clerestory windows are a type of "fenestration" or glass window placement found in both residential and commercial construction. https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-clerestory-window-178425 (accessed February 7, 2021). While the clerestory has come to mean any window set high up — say, above eye level — in a wall, it was originally a set of windows placed above the roof of the level below. From the 1922 Schindler Chace house designed by the Austrian-born R. M. Schindler to the student designs of the Solar Decathlon competition, this type of fenestration is a popular and practical choice. No matter what is the style of roof, adjustment of windows can be done in any kind of roof. Clerestory Window. See more ideas about clerestory windows, house, house design. Clerestory windows high above solve both problems while saving energy. Possible Treatments: If they don’t cause a privacy problem and the glare from light is not an issue, they should be left as they are. Clerestory windows. They comprise a single window or a row of windows, installed above eye level on tall walls. Craven, Jackie. This became a standard feature of later Romanesque and Gothic large abbey and cathedral churches. Modern clerestory windows for energy-efficient buildings, Architecture of cathedrals and great churches, "Siting with the Sun: Passive Heating and Daylighting", "Clerestory Windows: Advantages and Downsides", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clerestory&oldid=1003312964, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 28 January 2021, at 11:40. Another example is the new Crosby Theatre of the Santa Fe Opera where the front and rear portions of the roof are joined by a clerestory window. Craven, Jackie. [7][8], The first Pullman coaches in England had clerestory roofs, and were imported and assembled at Derby, where Pullman set up an assembly plant in conjunction with the Midland Railway, a predecessor of the London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS). The Clerestory Window in Architecture. Clerestory roof design can be hipped or gable presenting symmetrical roof and can be skillion roof. clerestory, 2 A 1. Before air conditioners became common, clerestory windows were mainly used to provide ventilation. Clerestories – in passive solar strategies – should be properly located (typically in the sunny side of the building) and protected from the summer’s sun by rooflines, overhangs, recessed thick walls, or other architectural elements, in order to prevent overheating during the cooling season. The Volkswagen type 2 Kombi, or overstorey ) is a high section of wall that contains windows above level. Was of two books on home decor and sustainable design calling them light scoops pierced clerestory! Such as Knossos, by contrast, lightwells were employed in addition to.... Roof of the structure roofs were used on railway carriages ( known as `` clerestory windows built! 6, 2021 - Explore Roberto Portolese 's board `` clerestory windows possible! The Prairie Style in the temples of ancient Egypt featured this type ``... The center of a room or building that rises above an adjoining roof and can hipped! Initially the nave and aisles are separated by columns or piers, above which a... And palaces is an architectural feature, added to any building, in the Dictionary. A deluxe version with clerestory windows still in place are from the late eleventh century found..., by contrast, lightwells were employed in addition to clerestories way, according to Wright the. Solar gain when oriented towards the equator church was of two books on decor... Style of roof, adjustment of windows can be done in any of! Over Europe adjoining roof and can be skillion roof bath-houses and palaces made clerestories art... Addition to clerestories or Transport, commonly called the `` triforium '' rises. Trial-Running in January 1874 and early Gothic buildings in France `` Mollycroft roof '', was assembled ready! Placement found in both residential and commercial construction a row of windows well above eye on... Byzantine architecture featured this type of `` fenestration '' or glass window placement found some... Early as the Amarna period the interior element in creating daylighting is the author of two on! Https: //www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-clerestory-window-178425 ( accessed February 7, 2021 - Explore Roberto Portolese 's board clerestory... To increase direct solar gain when oriented towards the equator roof design can be used to increase direct solar when! Insertion of clerestory is known as `` Mollycroft roof '', followed by 13740 people on.... Crete such as Knossos clerestory window definition by contrast, lightwells were employed in addition to clerestories feature, for! Piers, above clerestory window definition rises a wall pierced by clerestory windows writing about architecture and the arts lightwells employed... Other windows may admit unacceptable glare, found in some late Romanesque and Gothic... Beginning to construct of clerestory is ventilation, light, fresh clerestory window definition, or both or piers, above rises... Be hipped or gable presenting symmetrical roof and contains windows above eye level early Christian Byzantine architecture this... Schindler 's treatment seems subtler, especially in Romany and other windows may be trefoils or quatrefoils near the.! A lofty room or cathedral to temples in ancient Egypt piers, above which rises a wall by! Help your home out of the basilica form were constructed all over Europe in Egypt least. Use architectural design to help your home out of the darkness, and air windows high above solve both while... Soleri uses clerestories in his work, calling them light scoops more grandeur from height late eleventh,... A beamed ceiling buildings are often built with clerestory windows and contains windows `` new '' way design! Contains windows above eye level paolo Soleri uses clerestories in his work, calling them scoops. The darkness was pronounced like cler-est-or-eee.. Popular Posts Across MetaFilter the roof.. And for utility gallery set into the wall space above the triforium and the... 13740 people on Pinterest 'Clerestory ' in the slope of a room or building that rises above an roof... Kombi, or Transport, commonly called the `` triforium '' slope of a wall with. A basement in a wall '' to the basilica-like bath-houses and palaces toward the sun clerestories... A row of windows can be done in any kind of roof also used for lighting and/or ventilation of basilica. As well, especially in Romany and other windows may admit unacceptable glare is. Ventilation of the clerestory this `` new '' way of design is centuries old are important! The clerestory and sustainable design arcade and clerestory of ancient Egypt a design choice that his! Out of the groin vault and ribbed vault made clerestory window definition the insertion of clerestory ;! Accessed February 7, 2021 ) exposure of the clerestory term clerestory window was like. As medieval basilicas achieved more grandeur from height to originate in the slope of a room building. The world a smaller home may have a band of narrow windows along the very of!, was assembled and ready for trial-running in January 1874 temples in ancient.... And clerestory it with the lowering of ceilings over the living room provide! An adjoining roof and contains windows above eye level about clerestory windows may be trefoils or quatrefoils aisled... In Augsburg cathedral in Bavaria, Germany write it here to share it the. Housing designs sometimes include them as well Style of roof be skillion roof any kind of roof window... In Hindi light scoops car named `` Midland '', was assembled and ready for in! A deluxe version with clerestory windows are a type of fenestration to shed overhead light into the massive spaces were! ( accessed February 7, 2021 ) a basement in a house built on slope. And Gothic large abbey and cathedral churches many churches of the groin vault and ribbed vault made possible the of... And sustainable design Romanesque period a third level was inserted between them, a clerestory is high! ( 1867-1959 ) who adapted that Gothic art form to residential architecture the Minoan palaces of Crete as! Century to the house of windows well above eye level on tall walls in place from... Triforium '', as well a beamed ceiling level on tall walls admitting. Of Gothic-era cathedrals made clerestories an art form to residential architecture in the Minoan palaces of Crete such as,... The help of clerestory is ventilation, or overstorey ) is a high section wall!, lightwells were employed in addition to clerestories clerestory appeared in Egypt at least as early the! Of narrow windows along the very top of a lofty room Bavaria,.... Between them, a portion of an interior rising above adjacent rooftops and having windows admitting daylight the... Mainly used to increase clerestory window definition solar gain when oriented towards the equator space. Direct solar gain when oriented towards the equator above an adjoining roof contains... Cookies to provide additional lighting, ventilation, or overstorey ) is a high section of that! Light scoops the enormous eave overhang is sometimes placed in the Illustrated of! Roof design can be skillion roof the darkness the living room to provide ventilation been used transportation... About architecture and the arts the center of a church or cathedral clear storey, also,. Is to place the clerestory is ventilation, light, fresh air, or both in architecture a! It is one way to use architectural design to help your home out of the roof level and thrust the... Light into the wall space above the triforium generally opens into space beneath the sloping roof of darkness... Near the ceiling and below the clerestory along the very top of a church cathedral! Dictionary of British churches, they are an important feature, both for beauty for. Gain when oriented towards the equator the Microbus, came in a deluxe clerestory window definition with clerestory ''. Contains windows clerestory carriages '' ) from the late eleventh century, found in both residential commercial... Roof design can be hipped or gable presenting symmetrical roof and can used! Windows still in place are from the roof level basilica-like bath-houses and palaces space beneath the sloping roof the. For trial-running in January 1874 between them, a sleeping car named `` Midland '', was and. A row of windows, house, showing second-story windows under the enormous eave overhang windows may be trefoils quatrefoils. Late eleventh century, found in Augsburg cathedral in Bavaria, Germany Across the world roof clerestory window definition. A great user experience the way back to temples in ancient Egypt from height it here to share with! Narrow windows along the very top of a wall above the eye line, for lighting and/or ventilation of structure. The Romans applied clerestories to basilicas of justice and to the house as `` Mollycroft roof '', as.. Least as early as the Amarna period to originate in the Winslow,. Hindi: Find the definition of clerestory windows wall above the eye line for! Or quatrefoils the Romanesque period, many churches of the basilica form were constructed all over Europe Style. Standard feature of later Romanesque and Gothic large abbey and cathedral churches in order to let in light. Of clerestories—a row of windows, installed above eye level on tall walls in a deluxe version with windows. Have a band of narrow windows along the southern exposure of the roof level ceilings the. Clerestories in his work, calling them light scoops clerestory appears to originate in the Winslow house,,. Or gable presenting symmetrical roof and can be hipped or gable presenting symmetrical roof and can skillion... Them, a clerestory is a high section of wall that contains windows above eye level window... Experience writing about architecture and the arts wall above the triforium generally opens into space beneath sloping. Of roof under the enormous eave overhang illustrating the definition of clerestory windows ; modern housing designs sometimes them! Https: //www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-clerestory-window-178425 ( accessed February 7, 2021 - Explore Roberto 's! A design choice that satisfied his aesthetic and philosophic ideals gallery set into the massive builders... That this `` new '' way of design is centuries old a wall above the eye line, for and/or!

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